冷再熱的手札

Lights OUT

The end nears for the incandescent light bulb

It has been a fixture of Western culture, brightening the lives of billions of people for the past 140 years. But modern technology and environmental concerns have finally connected to short-circuit its popularity. And now, as bans against it switch on in countries around the world, the future of the incandescent light bulb has become decidedly dim.

Text MARK CARDWELL

Illustration LEIF ABJORNSSON

The incandescent light bulb is on the way out, and in the view of many it is a shocking end to an illumination invention that forever changed the world.

The light in an incandescent bulb is produced when an electric current passes through a thin filament inside an oxygen-free glass bulb, making it glow white-hot. The technology has remained pretty much the same since 1879, when American inventor Thomas Edison brought to market a patented electric lamp that used a carbonized bamboo filament connected to platina contact wires that could last for more than 1200 hours.

“When you think of all the things that have happened in the world since then, it’s quite extraordinary that we’re still using that light,” says Joy Rey-Barreau, an associate professor in the School of Interior Design at the University of Kentucky in the United States and an expert in luminous environments and lighting design. He explains that three main factors set Edison ’s bulb apart from 20 or so would-be competitor- the development and use of long-lasting incandescent material, the high vacuum achieved through the use of the Sprengel pump, and a high resistance that made power distribution from a centralized source economically viable. But, he says the low cost and the many heart-warning properties of incandescent light itself have promoted the bulb’s continued dominance in residential markets in North America and Europe for more than a century.

“Compared to fluorescent bulbs, which took over the commercial and industrial markets 40 years ago because they have much longer life, incandescent light bulbs are very inexpensive,” he says. “They also have several qualities that other forms of lighting don’t.” in addition to being dimmable and providing excellent light for reading, Rey-Barreau says, the 2700 kelvin colour temperature of incandescent light “by its very nature tends to brighten human skin and give it a healthy glow.”

“Incandescent light bulbs have been described as fire in a bottle,” Rey-Barreau says,” and it is literally metal being heated until it’s glowing hot, so they give off cosy heat, too. All of those things have combined to create some kind of a cultural connection.”

Unfortunately, it’s those same endearing traits that are now draining the life out the incandescent light bulb. In recent years, Kyoto-inspired efforts to reduce electricity consumption and reduce greenhouse gas emissions have focused increasingly on lighting, which represents about 20 percent of global electricity consumption. And from the start, the incandescent light bulb, which uses only 5 percent of the electricity that flows in to produce light (the other 95 percent escapes into the air as heat), has been labeled Public Enemy No. 1.

Brazil, Venezuela and Cuba were the first governments to act, passing laws that either prohibited or phased-out the sale and/or importation of incandescent light bulbs beginning in 2005. Since then, dozens of countries have followed suit with phase-out schedules of their own, including Australia , the Europe Union, Argentina, Russia and Canada .

The United Kingdom plans to ban the sale of incandescent lights in 2011 – ending a 130-year relationship that began in 1881 when Landon’s Savoy Theatre became the first public building in the world to be entirely lit by Edison ’s light bulbs. Even the nation in which Edison switched on the world’s first electric light bulb, jumped on the anti-incandescent bandwagon in 2007, when former President George Bush signed into law an energy bill that, starting in 2012, sets an ever-escalating standard for energy-efficiency standards that the old bulbs, energy experts predict, will soon be unable to meet.

Once weaned from those energy-wasting incandescent light bulbs, consumers worldwide will be able to choose from the growing array of more energy-efficient (but far more costly) types of electric lights, notably compact fluorescent lamps (CFLs) and light-emitting diodes (LEDs). “The industry and the public are on the same page on this issue,” says Lurry Lauck, general manger of the American Lighting Association, which represents US light manufacturers such as General Electric, the company that Edison founded 118 years ago and that is reportedly working hard to develop a new generation of incandescent lights that can meet the future standards. “When energy was cheap, no one cared. But every thing’s changed.”

But skeptics, and there are many, question both the wherefore and the why of the rush to dump the incandescent bulb. In addition to concerns over the quality of lighting and the variety of CFLs available of fit billions of household appliances and fixture-everything from stoves and chandeliers to appliances and flashlights-environmentalists point out that CFLs contain mercury, meaning they can’t be throw out the way non-toxic incandescent bulbs can. Many people lend a therapeutic value to incandescent light.

Then there’s the economic angle. “If you’re a consumer,” Brian Carney, a member of the Wall street Journal’s editorial board, wrote after the US energy law was passed, “you just got traded up, forcibly, to a ‘better’ product. What’s remarkable about this bit of market interference is that there is basically nothing wrong with the present-day Edison-style light bulb. It’s not a lawn dart or a lead-painted toy or a magnet that will perforate your kid’s intestines if he swallows it. It is what it is, and for most people in most applications, it was good enough. So the light bulb makers and the environmentalists convinced Congress to ban them for no better off with something else.”

Ray-Barreau agrees. “there’s lot of frustration,” he says. “I’ve heard people say they’re going to buy a truckload of incandescent bulbs now at 50 cents each, wait five years, then sell them for 10 bucks each.” That resembles the panic buying that hit several European countries in 2009-none more than in the Czech Republic, where President Vaclav Klaus held up an incandescent bulb during a speech and said he “would buy enough reserves (before the 1^st September deadline when production halted) to last the rest of my life.”

That also suggest there is a glimmer of hope for the survival of one of the most endearing by-products of incandescent light bulb-the dim-witted light-bulb joke. Here’s one from Andrew Heenan’s weirdity.com website: A lady goes into a shop and ask for a box of low-energy light bulbs. “That’ll be￡4.00 please,” said the shopkeeper. “I would,” she replied, “but they haven’t got any in stock.” “Ah,” said the shopkeeper, “ours are only￡1.99 when we haven't got any.”